The History of Spice

By Shagun Jain

A ginger–turmeric shot for your immunity, the perfume you wear, the chai latte in your café order, the mulled wine in winter, a falafel wrap for lunch, and apple crumble for dessert—no matter what you consume, use, or apply, there is one common element: SPICE!

Spices have become such a regular part of our lives that we often fail to appreciate these plant-derived, aromatic blessings. Their history stretches back thousands of years, with the earliest written records from Ancient Egyptian, Chinese, and Indian cultures. This historical continuity makes one reflect on the pervasive presence of this delicacy.

Various cultures have utilised these products for culinary, religious, and health purposes. For instance, around 3000 BCE, the Egyptians employed cumin and coriander for cooking and embalming, taking advantage of their antibacterial and preserving qualities in burial procedures. Similarly, ancient texts in Asia, such as the Vedas and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, document the use of turmeric, pepper, and ginger for both culinary and medicinal purposes. And as the spice trade expanded, spices like black pepper, cinnamon, and ginger became highly prized commodities.

The Greeks and Romans developed a taste for spices and became avid consumers, using them to flavour foods, in medicines, and for religious ceremonies. Subsequently, during the 11th to 13th centuries, these products were viewed as status symbols and rare, luxurious commodities. They became so precious that they were treated as jewels; for example, black pepper was known by merchants as “black gold.” Meanwhile, the Italian state of Venice established itself as a primary market, controlling the flow of these products from the East to Europe.

The need for direct access to the Eastern spice trade led European cities on quests across uncharted waters in the 15th and 16th centuries. For example, Vasco da Gama’s arrival in Calicut (modern-day Kozhikode in Kerala) in 1498 opened the doors for the Portuguese spice trade and created a direct maritime route to Asia’s spice-rich regions. Subsequently, as colonial empires rose to power in the 17th and 18th centuries, they competed for dominance over spice-producing areas.

The Spice Islands (Indonesia), India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the Philippines, Zanzibar, Madagascar, and Grenada were colonised by dominant European countries like Portugal, Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, and France to establish monopolies. Consequently, control over spices allowed colonial powers to dominate global trade, accumulate wealth, and influence the political landscape of the colonised areas. Moreover, the 18th century saw the Industrial Revolution, which made once costly and luxurious goods more accessible and affordable. Furthermore, advancements in transportation made it easier for products to be moved from their points of origin to markets around the world and into our spice drawers.

In modern times, spices continue to evolve in their use and significance. Beyond the kitchen, they play crucial roles in industries such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and even perfumery. For instance, turmeric is celebrated not only for its culinary versatility but also for its anti-inflammatory properties, making it a staple in health and wellness products. Similarly, cinnamon’s essential oil is a popular ingredient in aromatherapy, prized for its comforting and stimulating effects.

Moreover, the trend towards organic and ethically sourced spices has gained momentum, reflecting a growing awareness of sustainability and fair trade practices. As a result, consumers today are more informed and conscientious about where their products come from and the conditions under which they are harvested. This shift, in turn, is leading to a resurgence of traditional spice markets and a renewed appreciation for the artisans and farmers who bring these potent flavours to our tables.

The history of spice is a narrative of exploration, adventure, and cross-cultural interaction. Indeed, these small but mighty plants have had a lasting impact on civilisations, economies, and cuisines throughout the world. It is incredible to think that a dash of black pepper in a salad or a pinch of cinnamon in a coffee holds so much history and taste. Therefore, the next time you are cooking, don’t forget to appreciate and acknowledge this flavourful specialty with a rich legacy that spans continents and continues to flavour our lives with its timeless charm.